I'm going to attach a couple pics of how I have my Win 8.1 set up.
First pic - Right click on the taskbar and select properties then the Navigation tab. Under Start screen, I have both set to send me to the desktop instead of the Start screen.
Second pic - In Internet Explorer, left click the gear icon then select Internet Options. Go to the programs tab. Select, "Always in Internet Explorer on the desktop". Then check, "Open Internet Explorer tiles on the desktop".
You can also use the Windows logo key + D to show the desktop, and Windows logo key + C to show the charms bar. There is a list of these type of shortcuts. Just Google or Bing Windows 8 logo key.