... running Avast 9.0 and 99% of the web traffic was blocked - only Google would work (Avast.com was blocked too). Turning off Web Shield and everything worked.
I had exactly this problem. One day (Sunday, July 20) everything on my MacBook Air was fine, and later that evening, suddenly, the only websites that would load were Google and my Outlook Web app. I tried about two dozen different sites, cleared all saved data, rebooted, etc. Checked my Internet connection, router, DNS, etc. Restarted the AirPort device.
On another Mac w/o Avast, all worked perfectly. So I disabled Avast Web Shield on the MacBook Air and -- hooray! -- the whole Internet worked again.
I have reported this issue in two forums here but I have received no usable advice so far.