I get the same error "start menu and Cortana cannot start" from time to time.
Some may blame 3rd party Antivirus for causing the trouble. I wouldn't be so bold to claim what was
NOT proven but, nonetheless, it gave me the clue.
Solution:
1) Start your computer as usual
2) Go have dinner, a jog, a shower... stay away from the computer for as long as you could afford. Allow whatever malicious tasks running in the background to complete.
3) Login, preferably, when the busy hard-disk LED stops blinking