I'm not sure why this would have worked, but I might have solved my own problem. I read elsewhere about incompatibilities between Avast 7 and Comodo Firewall, which I'm also running. Sure enough, when I went to Comodo Firewall's summary screen, I saw that the firewall had blocked several "intrusions." Each of these intrusions related to AvastSvc.exe. As suggested in a couple of posts, I went into Comodo's Network Security Policy (under the Firewall tab) and Computer Security Policy (under the Defense+ tab) and deleted the entries related to AvastSvc.exe. I then rebooted my computer and, voila, my Outlook mail is working again.
Hope this helps others with similar problems.