Follow up:
I was working today with some files on my dropbox folder and intentionally left avast shields activated in order to see what will happen on save etc.
I noticed that when I saved a .psd file and also uploaded 2 .jpg exports (total of 3 files, all together around 8-10MB) they uploaded correctly. At first dropbox did report crazy fast / unreal upload speed also reported by other people here, but after a couple of minutes the files were uploaded correctly...
So I assume that the problem occurs when there are multiple and/or large files thrown into the dropbox folder.
In my case I used only the dropbox windows application and since drake127 asked, my machine has 16GB of RAM, i7 3770K, an SSD and a broadband with around 1mbit upload so it definitely isn't a specs issue here.
I'll also try the .ini workaround now and report back if I have anything new.
EDIT: I tried the .ini but I always get access denied on save. I even tried with all shields off and avast service stopped, still the same. I'm on Win8 Pro x64
EDIT 2: I solved the problem with editing the .ini by opening notepad as administrator FIRST and then opening the .ini file you suggested. Hope it helps someone
EDIT 3: I can confirm that the workaround of the .ini file solved my upload problems for now! thanks lucor!